Additionally, not all kothis have undergone initiation rites or the body modification steps to become a hijra. Kothis are regarded as feminine men or boys who take a feminine role in sex with men, but do not live in the kind of intentional communities that hijras usually live in. The word kothi (or koti) is common across India, similar to the Kathoey of Thailand, although kothis are often distinguished from hijras. They perform similar roles to hijra, such as dancing and singing at birth ceremonies and weddings.
Male devotees in female clothing are known as Jogappa. In South India, the goddess Renuka is believed to have the power to change one's sex. In North India, the goddess Bahuchara Mata is worshipped by Pavaiyaa (પાવૈયા). In Odia, a hijra is referred to as hinjida, hinjda or napunsaka, in Telugu, as napunsakudu (నపుంసకుడు), kojja (కొజ్జ) or maada (మాడ), in Tamil Nadu, Thiru nangai (mister woman), Ali, aravanni, aravani, or aruvani, in Punjabi, khusra and jankha, in Sindhi khadra, in Gujarati, pavaiyaa (પાવૈયા). While these are rough synonyms, they may be better understood as separate identities due to regional cultural differences. In Bengali hijra is called হিজড়া, hijra, hijla, hijre, hizra, or hizre.Ī number of terms across the culturally and linguistically diverse Indian subcontinent represent similar sex or gender categories. Another such term is khasuaa (खसुआ) or khusaraa (खुसरा). This term is generally considered derogatory in Urdu and the word Khwaja Sara is used instead. The Urdu and Hindi word hijra may alternately be romanized as hijira, hijda, hijada, hijara, hijrah and is pronounced. Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh have all legally recognized the existence of a third gender, including on passports and other official documents. In India, the Supreme Court in April 2014 recognised hijra and transgender people as a 'third gender' in law. Hijras have successfully gained this recognition in Bangladesh and are eligible for priority in education. Since the late 20th century, some hijra activists and Western non-government organizations (NGOs) have lobbied for official recognition of the hijra as a kind of "third sex" or "third gender," as neither man nor woman. Some Hijras undergo an initiation rite into the hijra community called nirwaan, which refers to the removal of the penis, scrotum and testicles. The Indian usage has traditionally been translated into English as "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite," where "the irregularity of the male genitalia is central to the definition." However, in general hijras are born with typically male physiology, only a few having been born with intersex variations. The word "hijra" is an Urdu word derived from the Semitic Arabic root hjr in its sense of "leaving one's tribe," and has been borrowed into Hindi. These communities have sustained themselves over generations by "adopting" boys who are in abject poverty, rejected by, or flee, their family of origin. In South Asia, many hijras live in well-defined and organised all-hijra communities, led by a guru. This history features a number of well-known roles within subcontinental cultures, part gender-liminal, part spiritual and part survival. Hijras have a recorded history in the Indian subcontinent from antiquity onwards as suggested by the Kama Sutra period.
The term more commonly advocated by social workers and transgender community members themselves is khwaja sira (Urdu: خواجہ سرا) and can identify the individual as a transsexual person, transgender person (khusras), cross-dresser (zenanas) or eunuch (narnbans). In India also, transgender people have been given the status of third gender and are protected as per the law despite the social ostracism. In Pakistan and Bangladesh, the hijras are officially recognized as third gender by the government, being neither completely male nor female. In different areas of Pakistan and India, transgender people are also known as Aravani, Aruvani or Jagappa. Hijra (for translations, see ) is a term used in South Asia – particularly in India and Pakistan – to refer to trans women (male-to-female transgender individuals).
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